Collagen is the major protein of connective tissue in animals. It is found exclusively in metazoa, including sponges, and is the most abundant protein in mammals, which makes up about 25% to 35% of the body's protein content. As a major component of endomysium, collagen comprises between one and two percent of muscle tissue, and contributes six percent of muscle weight. Collagen is also a major component of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bones and skin. Its tensile strength is evident in the strength and elasticity of the skin and blood vessels. It also contributes to vision and is located in the cornea and crystalline lenses. It is widely used in the medical profession, becoming an integral component of many cosmetic, dental, orthopedic and surgical procedures.
However, there have been concerns about the use of cow collagen since the outbreak of Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE's), which BSE has received the most media attention. Bovine encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as honey cow disease (MCD), is a deadly, neurodegenerative healer that causes spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. The BSE has a long incubation period of about 4 years, usually affecting adult cattle at the beginning of the peak of four to five years, all of which are equally susceptible. In the United Kingdom, the country's worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million were killed during the eradication program.
Most scientists believe that the disease can be transmitted to humans who eat the brain or spinal cord of an infected carcass. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy (note 3). In humans, it is known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob's new disease, and in February 2009, it killed 164 people in Britain, and 42 elsewhere, with the number expected to increase due to the long incubation period. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy (note 4). Between 460,000 and 482,000 BSE-infected animals entered the human food chain before high-risk control was introduced in 1989.
British investigations into the BSE concluded that the outbreak was caused by cattle, usually herbivores, who were fed other cattle in the form of meat and bones, which caused the spread to spread. The origin of the disease itself is unknown. Infectious agents are unique for high temperatures where they remain viable; this contributed to the spread of the disease in Britain, which reduced the temperature used during the submission process. Another contributing factor is the supply of infectious protein supplements to very young calves.
Collagen products prepared from seeds may carry the risk of transmission of animal BSE agents. Collagen users in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and surgery industries must ensure that cow ingredients are free of any TSE and ingredients from other animal species where TSE naturally occurs. To ensure this happens, cattle materials should be sourced from countries that have a surveillance system for BSE in place and who report zero or BSE cases.
According to a European Commission study conducted by the European Food Safety Authority to assess the risk of finding BSE in some countries, New Zealand is one of the few countries without a TSE, with no BSE cases being diagnosed in any country. Experiments in the UK and the EU have used New Zealand cows as guaranteed BSE-free controls. As a result, New Zealand has developed a reputation for providing high quality BSE-free collagen to the international market.
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